ΣF = ma K = (1/2)mv² p = mv g = 9.80 m/s² K = 8.99 x 10⁹ Nm²/C²

F_e = K|Q₁Q₂|/R² E = K|Q|/R² F_e = QE U_e = KQ₁Q₂/R V = KQ/R U_e = QV

Q_e = -1.60 x 10^-19 C Q_p = +1.60 x 10^-19 C m_e = 9.11 x 10^-31 kg m_p = 1.67 x 10^-27 kg

F_g = mg a_c = v²/R ω = 2πf T = 1/f I = ΔQ/Δt

ΔV(series) = ΔV₁ + ΔV₂ + ..... ΔV(parallel) = ΔV₁ = ΔV₂ = .....

I(series) = I₁ = I₂ = ..... I(parallel) = I₁ + I₂ + .....

ΔV_R = IR P = IΔV_R R(series) = R₁ + R₂ + ....... 1/R(parallel) = 1/ R₁ + 1/ R₂ + ......

ΔV_C = Q/C U_C = (1/2) QΔV_C C(parallel) = C₁ + C₂ + ...... 1/C(series) = 1/ C₁ + 1/ C₂ + ......

μ₀ = 4π x 10^-7 Tm/A F_m = |Q|vB|sinθ| F_m = ILB|sinθ| R = mv/|Q|B

B = μ₀I/2πR B = μ₀I/2R Φ_M = BA|cosθ| E(induced) = ΔΦ_M/Δt

v = fλ c = 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s E = cB I = (EB)/2μ₀ I = P/A

asinθ = pλ dsinθ = mλ θ = 1.22λ/D θ_i = θ_R f = ±R/2 n = c/v

n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ θ_C = sin^-1(n₂/n₁) 1/f = 1/s + 1/s' m = -s'/s M = -f_o/f_e